This would be for used fuel arising from those 14 reactors designated as unambiguously civilian and under full IAEA safeguards. The IAEA Director General welcomed the agreement in as "an important step towards satisfying India's growing need for energy, including nuclear technology and fuel, as an engine for development.
After much delay in India's parliament, it then set up a new and comprehensive safeguards agreement with the IAEA, plus an Additional Protocol. The agreement is similar to those between IAEA and non nuclear weapons states, notably Infcirc, the IAEA's information circular that lays out procedures for applying facility-specific safeguards, hence much more restrictive than many in India's parliament wanted.
A bilateral trade agreement then went to US Congress for final approval. Similar agreements will apply with Russia and France. The ultimate objective is to put India on the same footing as China in respect to responsibilities and trade opportunities, though it has had to accept much tighter international controls than other nuclear-armed countries.
The introduction to India's safeguards agreement says that India's access to assured supplies of fresh fuel is an "essential basis" for New Delhi's acceptance of IAEA safeguards on some of its reactors and that India has a right to take "corrective measures to ensure uninterrupted operation of its civilian nuclear reactors in the event of disruption of foreign fuel supplies. In October US Congress passed the bill allowing civil nuclear trade with India, and a nuclear trade agreement was signed with France.
The agreements ended 34 years of trade isolation on nuclear materials and technology. The decision to ratify was announced under the new government in June , with 20 facilities listed, including six at the Nuclear Fuel Complex, Hyderabad and two stores at Tarapur, plus 12 reactors.
When the agreement was reached, India had 15 operating nuclear power reactors plus eight more under construction, one of them a fast-breeder reactor.
It also then had five operating research reactors — two very large ones — apparently run as military plutonium producers, and one a 40 MWt fast-breeder. The two fast-breeder units would be excluded from safeguards, but future "civil" fast breeders would be included. Of the current reactors and those under construction, 14 would be covered by safeguards. At present 12 units are under safeguards, including two foreign-supplied ones under arrangements predating the NPT.
Pakistan has indicated a desire for a similar agreement, with China if not the USA, but both the Nuclear Suppliers Group and the USA said that they would not relax trade rules for Pakistan in the light of its track record.
India's record of avoiding any export of nuclear material or technology is consistent with Article 1 of the NPT, and stands in sharp contrast to Pakistan's role as a wholesale proliferator contributing to the failure of Iran, Libya and North Korea to abide by their NPT commitments. This will involve both benefits and responsibilities.
Sources: Dr A. Kakodkar, paper at WNA Symposium India background Nuclear power for civil use is well established in India and has been a priority since independence in China contrast China started its nuclear power program in the s and the industry then moved to a steady development period. India and China vis a vis the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty NPT India's nuclear weapons program is described by its government as a necessary minimum deterrent in the face of regional nuclear threats that include a considerably larger Chinese nuclear arsenal as well as Pakistan's nuclear arms.
Specifically, he asked the international community to: Focus on clandestine and illegal development and transfer of missile and nuclear technology; Recognise that India's indigenous nuclear weapons program provides nothing more than a "minimum credible deterrent" that is necessary for its regional security and that India has not contributed to nuclear proliferation beyond its borders; Note the global environmental importance of India's civil nuclear power program and co-operate with it, using safeguards to ensure that all traded material is used for peaceful purposes; and End its hypocrisy in relation to the Kyoto Protocol on climate change.
China: Nuclear Power India. NPS thread full form is National pipe straight thread. For rigidity, for sealable only with sealant, sometimes male straight enclosed by female tapered for low-pressure sealing. Threaded pipes can provide an effective seal for pipes, transporting liquids, gases, steam, and hydraulic fluid. These threads are now used in materials.
The various types of pipe threads are designed for use both with or without thread sealants, as particular applications demand. As the thread body is tapered, a larger diameter keeps compressing into a smaller diameter and finally forms a seal no clearance remains between the crests and roots of the threads because of the taper.
This means that NPT fittings should be burr-free and lubricated using a lubricant like lubricating paste or thread seal tape. The use of tape also helps to limit corrosion on the threads, which otherwise can make future disassembly nearly impossible. TPI stands for Threads Per Inch, Which means the total number of threads per inch measured along the length of a fastener.
TPI is used only with American fasteners. Britain, France and Germany launched a process last week charging Iran with failing to observe the terms of the nuclear deal. This move could eventually see the Security Council reimpose international sanctions on the country. Iran has accused the three EU member states of inaction over sanctions the United States reimposed on it after unilaterally withdrawing from the landmark accord in The landmark deal reached with Britain, China, France, Germany, Russia and the United States gave Iran relief from sanctions in return for curbs on its nuclear programme.
Since the U. For Prelims: Objectives of the treaty. For Mains: Significance and implications of the treaty. Background : The landmark deal reached with Britain, China, France, Germany, Russia and the United States gave Iran relief from sanctions in return for curbs on its nuclear programme.
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